Ok, here goes a rough list of factions and the shield types they use (its from memory so it wont be perfect):-
Graviton:
LN,
LPI,
Company transports and escorts based in liberty and kusari,
KNF,
KSP,
GMG,
Kusari pirate groups (i think..)
Positron:
Britonia,
Outcasts,
Corsairs,
IMG,
Company transports and escorts based in bretonia,
Molecular:
RM,
RFP,
All rheinland pirate groups (pretty sure they all do..),
BHG,
Zoners,
Junkers,
Company transports and escorts based in rheinland,
Thats all the ones I know of/remember. I don't know about the Order and I'm not 100% sure that all pirate groups in a house use the same shield. However, the company transports, trains escorts etc use the same shield type as the house they work in/are base out of.
Personally, I've always tried to use the same sheild type as the npcs of the faction I'm in. eg: outcast/corsair character will always have a positron shield. A rheinland character will have a molecular shield. My KNF has a graviton shield, because the npcs do, my [TAZ] character has a molecular shield because thats what the zoners use.
But I find it's very rare to find anyone else going that far (based on people I've encountered and scanned ingame).